Camera

Las Cameras son los dispositivos que capturan y muestran el mundo al jugador. Al personalizar y manipular las cámaras, usted hace la presentación de su juego de verdad única. Usted puede tener un número ilimitado de cámaras en la escena. Ellas pueden ser establecidas para renderizar en cualquier orden, en cualquier lugar de la pantalla, o en solo ciertas partes de la pantalla.

Propiedades

Propiedad:	Función:
Clear Flags	Determina qué partes de la pantalla serán despejadas. Esto es útil cuando utilice múltiples cámaras para dibujar diferentes elementos de juego.
Background	The color applied to the remaining screen after all elements in view have been drawn and there is no skybox.
Culling Mask	Includes or omits layers of objects to be rendered by the Camera. Assigns layers to your objects in the Inspector.
Projection	Activa o desactiva la capacidad de la cámara para simular perspectiva.
Perspective	La cámara va a renderizar objetos con la perspectiva intacta.
Orthographic	Camera will render objects uniformly, with no sense of perspective. NOTE: Deferred rendering is not supported in Orthographic mode. Forward rendering is always used.
Size (cuando Orthographic es seleccionado)	El tamaño de la vista gráfica de la Cámara cuando es establecido a Orthographic.
Field of view (cuando Perspective es seleccionado)	The width of the Camera’s view angle, measured in degrees along the local Y axis.
Physical Camera	Tick this box to enable the Physical Camera properties for this camera. When the Physical Camera properties are enabled, Unity calculates the Field of View using the properties that simulate real-world camera attributes: Focal Length and , Sensor Size, and Lens Shift. Physical Camera properties are not visible in the Inspector until you tick this box.
Focal Length	Set the distance, in millimeters, between the camera sensor and the camera lens. Lower values result in a wider Field of View, and vice versa. When you change this value, Unity automatically updates the Field of View property accordingly.
Sensor Type	Specify the real-world camera format you want the camera to simulate. Choose the desired format from the list. When you choose a camera format, Unity sets the the Sensor Size > X and Y properties to the correct values automatically. If you change the Sensor Size values manually, Unity automatically sets this property to Custom.
Sensor Size	Set the size, in millimeters, of the camera sensor. Unity sets the X and Y values automatically when you choose the Sensor Type. You can enter custom values if needed.
X	The width of the sensor.
Y	The height of the sensor.
Lens Shift	Shift the lens horizontally or vertically from center. Values are multiples of the sensor size; for example, a shift of 0.5 along the X axis offsets the sensor by half its horizontal size. You can use lens shifts to correct distortion that occurs when the camera is at an angle to the subject (for example, converging parallel lines). Shift the lens along either axis to make the camera frustum oblique.
X	The horizontal sensor offset.
Y	The vertical sensor offset.
Clipping Planes	Distancias desde la cámara para comenzar o parar de renderizar.
Near	El punto más cercano relativo a la cámara dónde el dibujo va a ocurrir.
Far	El punto más lejano relativo a la cámara dónde el dibujo va a ocurrir.
Viewport Rect	Four values that indicate where on the screen this camera view will be drawn. Measured in Viewport Coordinates (values 0–1).
X	La posición inicial horizontal dónde la vista de la cámara será dibujada.
Y	El inicio de la posición vertical dónde la vista de la cámara será dibujada.
W (Width)	Ancho del output de la cámara en la pantalla.
H (Height)	Altura del output de la cámara en la pantalla.
Depth	La posición de la cámara en el orden de dibujo (draw order). Las cámaras con un valor mayor serán dibujadas encima de las cámaras con un valor más pequeño.
Rendering Path	Opciones para definir qué métodos de renderización serán utilizados por la cámara.
Use Player Settings	Esta cámara va a utilizar cualquier Rendering Path que esté establecido en Los Ajustes del Reproductor.
Vertex Lit	Todos los objetos renderizados por esta cámara serán renderizados como objetos Vertex-Lit.
Forward	Todos los objetos serán renderizados con un pass por material.
Deferred Lighting	All objects will be drawn once without lighting, then lighting of all objects will be rendered together at the end of the render queue. NOTE: If the camera’s projection mode is set to Orthographic, this value is overridden, and the camera will always use Forward rendering.
Target Texture	Reference to a Render Texture that will contain the output of the Camera view. Setting this reference will disable this Camera’s capability to render to the screen.
HDR	Activa el renderizado High Dynamic Range para esta cámara.
Target Display	Defines which external device to render to. Between 1 and 8.

Detalles

Cameras are essential for displaying your game to the player. They can be customized, scripted, or parented to achieve just about any kind of effect imaginable. For a puzzle game, you might keep the Camera static for a full view of the puzzle. For a first-person shooter, you would parent the Camera to the player character, and place it at the character’s eye level. For a racing game, you’d probably have the Camera follow your player’s vehicle.

Usted puede crear múltiples cámaras y asignar cada una a un diferente Depth. Las cámaras son dibujadas de bajo Depth a alto Depth. En otras palabras, una cámara con un Depth de 2 será dibujada encima de una Cámara con una profundidad (DEPTH) de 1. Usted puede ajustar los valores de la propiedad Normalized View Port Rectangle para cambiar el tamaño y posición de la vista de la cámara en la pantalla. Esto puede crear múltiples mini-vistas como cámaras de misiles, vistas de mapas, espejos retrovisores, etc.

Render path

Unity supports different rendering paths. You should choose which one you use depending on your game content and target platform / hardware. Different rendering paths have different features and performance characteristics that mostly affect lights and shadows. The rendering path used by your project is chosen in Player Settings. Additionally, you can override it for each Camera.

For more information on rendering paths, check the rendering paths page.

Clear Flags

Each Camera stores color and depth information when it renders its view. The portions of the screen that are not drawn in are empty, and will display the skybox by default. When you are using multiple Cameras, each one stores its own color and depth information in buffers, accumulating more data as each Camera renders. As any particular Camera in your scene renders its view, you can set the Clear Flags to clear different collections of the buffer information. To do this, choose one of the following four options:

Skybox

This is the default setting. Any empty portions of the screen will display the current Camera’s skybox. If the current Camera has no skybox set, it will default to the skybox chosen in the Lighting Window (menu: Window > Rendering > Lighting Settings). It will then fall back to the Background Color. Alternatively a Skybox component can be added to the camera. If you want to create a new Skybox, you can use this guide.

Solid color

Cualquier porción vacía de la pantalla va a mostrar el Background Color actual de la Cámara.

Depth only

If you want to draw a player’s gun without letting it get clipped inside the environment, set one Camera at Depth 0 to draw the environment, and another Camera at Depth 1 to draw the weapon alone. Set the weapon Camera’s Clear Flags to depth only. This will keep the graphical display of the environment on the screen, but discard all information about where each object exists in 3-D space. When the gun is drawn, the opaque parts will completely cover anything drawn, regardless of how close the gun is to the wall.

Don’t clear

This mode does not clear either the color or the depth buffer. The result is that each frame is drawn over the next, resulting in a smear-looking effect. This isn’t typically used in games, and would more likely be used with a custom shader.

Note that on some GPUs (mostly mobile GPUs), not clearing the screen might result in the contents of it being undefined in the next frame. On some systems, the screen may contain the previous frame image, a solid black screen, or random colored pixels.

Clip Planes

The Near and Far Clip Plane properties determine where the Camera’s view begins and ends. The planes are laid out perpendicular to the Camera’s direction and are measured from its position. The Near plane is the closest location that will be rendered, and the Far plane is the furthest.

Los clipping planes también determinan cómo la precisión de depth buffer es distribuida sobre la escena. En general, para obtener una mejor precisión usted debería mover el Near plane tan lejos como sea posible.

Tenga en cuenta que los planos near y far clip juntos con los planos definidos por el campo de vista de la cámara describen lo que es popularmente conocido como el frustum de la cámara. Unity asegura que cuando usted renderize sus objetos, esos que están completamente afuera de este frustum no son mostrados. Esto se llama Frustum Culling. Frustum Culling occure independientemente si usted utiliza Occlusion Culling(Eliminación de Oclusión) en su juego.

For performance reasons, you might want to cull small objects earlier. For example, small rocks and debris could be made invisible at much smaller distance than large buildings. To do that, put small objects into a separate layer and set up per-layer cull distances using Camera.layerCullDistances script function.

Culling Mask

El Culling Mask es utilizado para selectivamente renderizar grupos de objetos utilizando capas. Más información en utilizar capas puede ser encontrada aquí.

Normalized Viewport Rectangles

Normalized Viewport Rectangle is specifically for defining a certain portion of the screen that the current camera view will be drawn upon. You can put a map view in the lower-right hand corner of the screen, or a missile-tip view in the upper-left corner. With a bit of design work, you can use Viewport Rectangle to create some unique behaviors.

It’s easy to create a two-player split screen effect using Normalized Viewport Rectangle. After you have created your two cameras, change both camera’s H values to be 0.5 then set player one’s Y value to 0.5, and player two’s Y value to 0. This will make player one’s camera display from halfway up the screen to the top, and player two’s camera start at the bottom and stop halfway up the screen.

Orthographic (Ortográfica)

Marcar una Cámara como Orthographic elimina todas las perspectivas desde la vista de la Cámara. Esto es muy útil para hacer juegos isométricos o 2D.

Note that fog is rendered uniformly in orthographic camera mode and may therefore not appear as expected. This is because the Z coordinate of the post-perspective space is used for the fog “depth”. This is not strictly accurate for an orthographic camera but it is used for its performance benefits during rendering.

Render Texture (Textura Renderizada)

This will place the camera’s view onto a Texture that can then be applied to another object. This makes it easy to create sports arena video monitors, surveillance cameras, reflections etc.

Target display

A camera has up to 8 target display settings. The camera can be controlled to render to one of up to 8 monitors. This is supported only on PC, Mac and Linux. In Game View the chosen display in the Camera Inspector will be shown.

Recomendaciones

• Las Cámaras pueden ser istanciadas, criadas(parented), y scripted como cualquier otro GameObject.
• Para aumentar la sensación de velocidad en un juego de carreras, utilice una alta Field of View.
• Las Cámaras pueden ser utilizadas en una simulación de física si usted agrega un Component Rigidbody.
• No hay un limite para el número de Cámaras que usted puede tener en sus escenas.
• Orthographic cameras are great for making 3D user interfaces.
• Si usted está experimentando artefactos profundos (superficies cercanas entre sí parpadeando), intente ajustar el Near Plane tan grande como sea posible.
• Las Cámaras no pueden renderizar a la Pantalla del Juego y una Render Texture al mismo tiempo, sólo una o la otra.
• There’s an option of rendering a Camera’s view to a texture, called Render-to-Texture, for even more interesting effects.
• Unity comes with pre-installed Camera scripts, found in Components > Camera Control. Experiment with them to get a taste of what’s possible.

---

• 2018–10–05 Page amended with limited editorial review

• Physical Camera options added in Unity 2018.2