Cómo importo modelos de mi aplicación 3D?
Hay dos formas de importar modelos 3D en Unity:
- Arrastre el archivo del modelo 3D desde su buscador de archivos directamente a la ventana de Unity Project.
- Copie el archivo del modelo 3D en la carpeta de assets del proyecto.
Seleccione el archivo en la vista Project y vaya a la pestaña Model en la ventana Inspector para configurar las opciones de importación. Consulte la documentación de Modelos para obtener más información sobre las opciones de importación.
Unity admite la importación de modelos de las aplicaciones 3D más populares. Para obtener más orientación sobre cómo importar desde paquetes 3D específicos, consulte las siguientes páginas:
Texturas
Debe almacenar Texturas en una carpeta llamada Textures, ubicada dentro de la carpeta Assets (junto al Mesh exportado) dentro de su Proyecto de Unity. Esto permite que el Editor de Unity encuentre las Texturas y las conecte a los Materiales generados. Para obtener más información, consulte la documentación sobre Importing Textures.
3D formats
Unity supports importing Meshes from two different types of files:
- Exported 3D file formats, such as .fbx or .obj. You can export files from 3D modeling software in generic formats that can be imported and edited by a wide variety of different software.
- Proprietary 3D or DCC (Digital Content Creation) application files, such as .max and .blend file formats from 3D Studio Max or Blender, for example. You can only edit proprietary files in the software that created them. Proprietary files are generally not directly editable by other software without first being converted and imported. An exception to this is SketchUp .skp files, which both by SketchUp and Unity can read.
Unity can import and use both types of files, and each come with their own advantages and disadvantages.
Archivos 3D exportados
Unity can read .fbx, .dae (Collada), .3ds, .dxf, .obj, and .skp files. Refer to your 3D modeling software documentation for information about exporting 3D files.
Ventajas:
- Instead of importing the whole model into Unity, you can import only the parts of the model you need.
- Exported generic files are often smaller than the proprietary equivalent.
- Using exported generic files encourages a modular approach (for example, using different components for collision types or interactivity).
- You can import these files from software that Unity does not directly support.
- Exported 3D files (.fbx, .obj) can be reimported into 3D modeling software after exporting, to ensure that all of the information has been exported correctly.
Desventajas:
- Models must be re-exported manually if changes are made to the original file.
- Extra care must be taken to keep track of versions between the source file and the files imported into Unity.
Archivos propietarios de aplicaciones 3D
Unity can import proprietary files from the following DCC software: Max, Maya, Blender, Cinema4D, Modo, Lightwave & Cheetah3D. Files imported this way are converted into .fbx files by Unity during the import process.
Ventajas:
- Updates made to the original model are automatically imported into Unity.
- This is initially simple - but it can become more complex later in development.
Desventajas:
- A licensed copy of the software used must be installed on all machines using the Unity project.
- Software versions should be the same on each machine using the Unity project. Using a different software version can cause errors or unexpected behavior when importing 3D models.
- Files can become bloated with unnecessary data.
- Big files can slow down Unity project imports or Asset re-imports, because you have to run the DCC software you use as a background process when you import the model into Unity.
- Unity exports proprietary files to .fbx internally, during the import process. This makes it difficult to verify the .fbx data and troubleshoot problems.
Note: Assets saved as .ma, .mb, .max, .c4d, or .blend files fail to import unless you have the corresponding DCC software installed in your computer. This means that everybody working on your Unity project must have the correct software installed. For example, if you use Maya to create ExampleModel.mb and copy it into your project, anyone else opening that project also needs to have Maya installed on their computer.
Models
Model files that are placed in the Assets folder in your Unity project are automatically imported and stored as Unity Assets.
A model file can contain a 3D model, such as a character, a building, or a piece of furniture. The model is imported as multiple Assets. In the Project window, the main imported object is a model Prefab. Usually there are also several Mesh objects that are referenced by the model Prefab.
A model file can also contain animation data, which can be used to animate this model or other models. The animation data is imported as one or more Animation Clips.
Import settings for Meshes
The Import Settings for a model file is displayed in the Model tab of the FBX importer’s Inspector window when the model is selected. These affect the Mesh, its Normals, and the imported Materials. Settings are applied per Asset on disk, so if you need Assets with different settings, make (and rename accordingly) a duplicate file.
| Propiedad | Función | |
|---|---|---|
| Meshes | ||
| Scale Factor | Unity’s physics system expects 1 meter in the game world to be 1 unit in the imported file. If you prefer to model at a different scale then you can compensate for it here. Defaults for different 3D packages are as follows: .fbx, .max, .jas, .c4d = 0.01 .mb, .ma, .lxo, .dxf, .blend, .dae = 1 .3ds = 0.1 |
|
| Use File Scale | Tick the checkbox to use the default model scaling, or untick to use a custom scaling value for your model. Unity’s physics system expects 1 meter in the game world to be 1 unit in the imported file. If you prefer to model at a different scale then you can compensate for it here. | |
| File Scale | Use this value field to set the scale you want to use for your model. | |
| Mesh Compression | Increasing this value reduces the file size of the Mesh, but might introduce irregularities. It’s best to turn it up as high as possible without the Mesh looking too different from the uncompressed version. This is useful for optimizing game size. | |
| Read/Write Enabled | If enabled, Mesh data is kept in memory so that a custom script can read and change it. Disabling this option saves memory, because Unity can unload a copy of Mesh data in the game. However, in certain cases when the Mesh is used with a Mesh Collider, this option must be enabled. These cases include: - Negative scaling (for example, (–1, 1, 1)). - Shear transform (for example, when a rotated Mesh has a scaled parent transform). |
|
| Optimize Mesh | Tick this checkbox if you want Unity to determine the order in which triangles are listed in the Mesh. | |
| Import Blendshapes | Tick this checkbox if you want Unity to allow BlendShapes to be imported with your Mesh. | |
| Generate Colliders | If this is enabled, your Meshes are imported with Mesh Colliders automatically attached. This is useful for quickly generating a collision Mesh for environment geometry, but should be avoided for geometry you are moving. | |
| Keep Quads | Unity can import any type of polygon ( triangle to N-gon ). Polygons that have more than 4 vertices are always converted to triangles. Quads are only converted to triangles if “Keep Quads” is off. Quads might be preferable over polygons when using Tessellation shaders. See documentation on Surface Shader Tessellation for more information. | |
| Weld Vertices | Tick this checkbox to combine vertices that share the same position in space. This optimizes the vertex count on Meshes by reducing their overall number. This checkbox is ticked by default. Note that there is also a WeldVertices parameter on the ModelImporter class, which does the same thing via scripting. In some cases, you might need to switch this optimization off when importing your Meshes; for example, if you have constructed your Mesh in such a way that you intentionally have duplicate vertices which occupy the same position, and you want to use scripting to read or manipulate the individual vertex or triangle data. . |
|
| Import Cameras | Tick this checkbox to import cameras from your .FBX file | |
| Import Lights | Tick this checkbox to import lights from your .FBX file | |
| Swap UVs | Tick this checkbox if lightmapped objects are picking up the wrong UV channels. This swaps your primary and secondary UV channels. | |
| Generate Lightmap UVs | Tick this checkbox if you want Unity to create a second UV channel to be used for Lightmapping. See documentation on Lightmapping for more information. | |
| Normals & Tangents | ||
| Normals | Define si y cómo las normales deberían ser calculadas. Esto es útil para optimizar el tamaño del juego. | |
| Import | Opción por defecto. Importa las normales del archivo. | |
| Calculate | Calcula las normales basándose en el Smoothing angle. Si está seleccionado, el Smoothing Angle se vuelve activo. | |
| None | Disables normals. Use this option if the Mesh is neither normal mapped nor affected by realtime lighting. | |
| Normals Mode | Define how the normals are calculated by Unity. This is only available when Normals is set to Calculate. | |
| Unweighted Legacy | The legacy method of computing the normals (prior to version 2017.1). In some cases it gives slightly different results compared to the current implementation. It is the default for all FBX prefabs imported before the migration of the project to the latest version of Unity. | |
| Unweighted | The normals are not weighted. | |
| Area Weighted | The normals are weighted by face area. | |
| Angle Weighted | The normals are weighted by the vertex angle on each face. | |
| Area and Angle Weighted | Default option. The normals are weighted by both the face area and the vertex angle on each face. This is the default option. | |
| Tangents | Define si y cómo las tangentes y bi-normales debería ser calculadas. Esto es útil para optimizar el tamaño del juego. | |
| Import | Importa las tangentes y bi-normales del archivo. Esta opción está solo disponible solo para archivos FBX, Maya y 3dsMax y solo cuando las normales sean importadas del archivo. | |
| Calculate | La opción por defecto. Calcula las tangentes y bi-normales. Esta opción está disponible solo cuando las normales son importadas o calculadas. | |
| None | Disables tangents and binormals. The Mesh has no Tangents, so won’t work with normal-mapped shaders. | |
| Smoothing Angle | Configura qué tan afilado una esquina debe ser con el fin de ser tratadas como una esquina dura. También es utilizado para separar tangentes normal map. | |
| Split Tangents | Enable this if normal map lighting is broken by seams on your Mesh. This usually only applies to characters. | |
| Materials | ||
| Import Materials | Disable this if you don’t want Materials to be generated. By default, a diffuse Material is used instead. | |
| Material Naming | Use this to define how Unity Materials are named: | |
| By Base Texture Name | The name of the diffuse Texture of the imported Material that is used to name the Material in Unity. When a diffuse Texture is not assigned to the Material, Unity uses the name of the imported Material. | |
| From Model’s Material | The name of the imported Material is used for naming the Unity Material. | |
| Model Name + Model’s Material | The name of the model file in combination with the name of the imported Material is used for naming the Unity Material. | |
| Material Search | Use this to define where Unity tries to locate existing Materials using the name defined by the Material Naming option: | |
| Local | Unity tries to find existing Materials in the “local” Materials folder only (that is, the Materials subfolder, which is the same folder as the model file). | |
| Recursive-Up | Unity tries to find existing Materials in all Materials subfolders in all parent folders up to the Assets folder. | |
| Everywhere | Unity tries to find existing Materials in all Unity project folders. | |
Light and Camera import
Cameras
The following Camera properties are supported when importing Cameras from an .FBX file:
Field of View
Projection mode ( Orthographic or perspective )
Near plane distance
Far plane distance
Light (luces)
The following light types are supported:
- Omni
- Spot
- Directional
- Area
The following light properties are supported:
- Intensity
- Color
- Range (the FarAttenuationEndValue is used if UseFarAttenuation is enabled)
- Spot Angle (spot lights only)
2017–09–04 Page amended with limited editorial review
Existing (pre Unity 5.6) functionality of Keep Quads first documented in User Manual 5.6
Normals Mode, Light and Camera import options added in Unity 2017.1 NewIn20171